What to do if you think someone has heat exhaustion or heatstroke

# What to do if you think someone has heat exhaustion or heatstroke

Heat exhaustion and heatstroke represent two levels of heat-related illness, each requiring different responses. Recognizing the difference between them can mean the gap between full recovery and serious harm.

Heat exhaustion occurs when your body loses too much fluid and salt through sweating. Common signs include heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, and muscle cramps. Skin may appear pale and clammy. Body temperature stays below 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit).

If someone shows these symptoms, move them to a cool place immediately. Have them lie down with legs elevated to prevent fainting. Give them water or sports drinks with electrolytes to replace lost salt. Apply cool, wet cloths to their skin or have them soak in cool (not cold) water. Recovery typically takes a few hours with rest and fluids.

Heatstroke is a medical emergency. It occurs when the body's temperature regulation fails, allowing core temperature to exceed 40 degrees Celsius. The person may stop sweating entirely, despite intense heat. Other warning signs include confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, very hot skin, and rapid pulse.

Call emergency services immediately if heatstroke is suspected. While waiting for help, move the person to a cool location and cool their body quickly using whatever methods available. Remove excess clothing. Use ice packs on the neck, armpits, and groin where major blood vessels run close to skin. Cold water immersion works if available. Do not give them fluids if they're unconscious or confused.

The distinction matters because heat exhaustion can progress to heatstroke without intervention. Certain groups face higher risk, including older adults, young children, and people taking medications that affect sweating or fluid balance.