Lower back pain affects roughly 80 percent of adults at some point in their lives, making it one of the most common health complaints. Doctors identify multiple conditions that trigger this widespread discomfort.
Muscle strain remains the leading cause. Dr. David Geier, an orthopedic surgeon, explains that repetitive movements, poor posture, or sudden exertion injure the muscles supporting the spine. Most muscle strains resolve within weeks with rest and physical therapy.
Herniated discs rank among the most serious causes. The gel-like center of a spinal disc pushes through its outer layer, pressing on nerves. This condition produces sharp pain that radiates down the leg, a symptom called sciatica. Dr. Andrew Sama, a spine surgeon at Columbia University, notes that many herniated discs improve without surgery through conservative treatment.
Arthritis and degenerative disc disease develop as spinal structures wear down over time. The cartilage between vertebrae thins, causing inflammation and pain. Osteoarthritis affects the small joints that stabilize the spine, while degenerative disc disease specifically targets the intervertebral discs.
Spinal stenosis narrows the space around the spinal cord. Dr. James Pittman, a neurosurgeon, explains this compression can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs, particularly when walking.
Poor posture and sedentary behavior contribute significantly. Prolonged sitting weakens core muscles that stabilize the spine. Physical therapists recommend regular movement, stretching, and strengthening exercises.
Other culprits include ankylosing spondylitis (an inflammatory condition), fibromyalgia (widespread pain disorder), infections, kidney problems, and even stress. Osteoporosis weakens vertebral bones, increasing fracture risk.
Pregnancy causes lower back pain through